Electrolyte Analyzers measure the ions that control fluid balance, nerve signals and heart rhythm, using ion selective electrodes that each respond to one ion and convert that ion's activity into a voltage. Sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate are reported together, with calcium on selected models, from whole blood, serum, plasma, urine or cerebrospinal fluid using a small sample volume. Throughput reaches 60 samples per hour for emergency panels and routine chemistry. Abnormal results flag dehydration, kidney failure, acid-base disorders and the effects of diuretics or dialysis. Typical users include hospital labs, emergency departments, intensive care units and dialysis centers.